Abstract
Liquefaction is an effective method to convert straws into liquid products, which are potential intermediates for the production of fuels and chemicals. Based on the purpose and the process, liquefaction can be classified into hydrothermal liquefaction and solvolytic liquefaction. Hydrothermal liquefaction, which is a traditional process, mainly operates under high temperature and high pressure to obtain bio-oil. The solvolytic liquefaction, which operates under moderate and low temperatures or even under atmospheric pressure, has gained more and more attention. Products from solvolytic liquefaction can be applied as fuels, fuel additives, or preparation of polymer material. Liquefaction products (bio-oil) from liquefaction contain a complex mixture of volatile organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, esters, ketones, furans, phenols, hydrocarbons, and nonvolatile components, and the specific composition of liquefaction products was dependent on feedstock. In liquefaction of low-input high-diversity grassland perennials (LIHD), the liquid products were mainly composed of aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, nitrogenated compounds, and their derivatives; liquid products from lignin of LIHD had a high concentration of monoaromatic compounds, whereas liquid products from pretreated LIHD contained a significant amount of furfural. Much research has been conducted on the influence of the solvent on the liquefaction products. The medium for conventional high-pressure direct liquefaction processes normally was hot-compressed water and organic solvents, which include anthracene oil, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol), and acetone. Supercritical fluids including supercritical water, alcohols, and acetone have gained much attention.
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