Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be used for different purposes in sample preparation, such as cleanup, analyte concentration, and analyte derivatization. This chapter discusses the main types of adsorbents and formats used in SPE, as well as the utilization modalities in various applications, such as conventional, microextraction, headspace, matrix solid-phase dispersion, stir bar sorptive extraction, and QuEChERS (from quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe). Parameters characterizing the SPE process, such as loading capacity, breakthrough volume, recovery, and some parameters also used in chromatography such as capacity (retention) factor, are explained and formulas for their estimation are developed. Selection of sorbents in SPE practice is discussed as depending on the type of analyte and the purpose of the SPE procedure. Special materials used in SPE (molecular imprinted polymers, affinity and immunoaffinity sorbents, restricted access materials, and chelating ion exchange resins) are also discussed. Combinations of SPE with static or dynamic headspace are described for the separation of compounds from gaseous samples. Some important issues related to solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are also treated in this chapter: the basic theory of the retention of analytes on SPME fiber, optimization of this process in practice, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and automation in SPME.
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