Abstract
An applied tensile stress induces two mutually perpendicular compressive stresses in indirect compression. This type of deformation allows only cold working and the two practical examples are wire drawing and deep drawing. In wire drawing, the diameter of a cylindrical piece of metal is reduced by pulling it through a tapered hole which is the internal profile of a drawing die. The cylindrical feed metal is initially pointed so that it protrudes through the die orifice and can be gripped for drawing. The equipment can range from a simple draw bench for intermittent drawing, to multiple draw blocks for continuous operation. The drawing block consists of three parts: a swift or capstan to hold the coil of rod ready for drawing, the die which executes the actual reduction and the drawing block which supplies the load and energy for reduction; it also accumulates the drawn wire in a coil form. The second indirect compression method of deforming metals is deep drawing and pressing. Both involve a combination of bending and stretching. The simplest example of deep drawing involves the fabrication of a cup from a circular sheet blank. This is carried out using a punch and die, the sheet being drawn inwards and over the die profile by the advancing punch. The behavior of a metal blank during deep drawing depends essentially on (1) the work-hardening characteristics, (2) the degree of anisotropy, and (3) the surface finish.
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