Abstract
Error sources in op amps are of two types, and they fall under the general classification of DC and AC errors. AC errors are flighty, so this chapter addresses them by developing a set of nonideal equations that account for AC errors. The AC errors may show up under DC conditions, but they get worse as the operating frequency increases. A good example of an AC error is common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). Most op amps have a guaranteed CMRR specification, but this specification is valid only at DC or very low frequencies. Further inspection of the data sheet reveals that CMRR decreases as operating frequency increases. Several other specifications that fall into the category of AC specifications are output impedance, power supply rejection ratio, peak to peak output voltage, differential gain, differential phase, and phase margin. Differential gain is the most important AC specification, because the other AC specifications are derived from the differential gain. Until now, differential gain has been called op amp gain or op amp open loop gain.
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