Chapter 60 - Development of biodegradable vehicles as novel therapeutic intervention against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Abstract

Medication-withstanding microbes are posing a genuine danger to worldwide general well-being. Specifically, diseases caused by pathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive microscopic organisms (for example, Enterococcus faecalis), which are impervious to customary anti-infection treatment, are drawing prompt worldwide consideration. The scope of this scientific endeavor is to delineate the intriguing utilization of nanomaterials, hydroxyapatites (HAPs), which are a popular ceramic material possessing a needle-shaped surface analogy co-typifying vancomycin (VAN), a potent antibacterial agent, and focusing on the folic acid (FA) ligand by an easy blend measure, to upgrade restorative viability against the pathogenic E. faecalis. The HAPs are visualized by utilizing the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) strategies. This study depicted the FA conjugation on the outside of the HAPs, which exerts a pivotal role in the successful endocytosis-mediated internalization of VAN by MDR E. faecalis. These fabricated nano-HAPs convey VAN through MDR E. faecalis and augment the antibacterial activities, which were affirmed by investigations into the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal fixation, cytotoxicity and/or viability of bacterial cells (MTT), and generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the findings of various studies indicate that biodegradable vehicles such as HAPs hold enormous promise for the successful treatment of various MDR bacterial strains such as E. faecalis.