Abstract
This chapter considers the simplest type of stream cipher, in which the plaintext is given as a string of bits {pi} and the ciphertext string {ci} is produced by adding this stream mod 2 to a keystream {ki}, that is, another string of bits produced by some process. There are several methods to solve the problem of generating large amounts of keystream. One way is to make the keystream periodic, so that it repeats itself after d bits for some fixed (large) d. If the bits in the keystream do not depend on the plaintext or ciphertext, then the stream cipher is synchronous. Synchronous stream ciphers require that the keystreams used for encryption and decryption be exactly synchronized in order to recover the plaintext from the ciphertext.
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