Abstract
Steel is classified by a variety of different systems, depending on various parameters, namely, composition, such as carbon, low-alloy or stainless steel; manufacturing methods, such as open hearth, basic oxygen process, or electric furnace methods; the deoxidation practice, such as killed, semi-killed, capped, or rimmed steel; and quality descriptors, such as forging quality and commercial quality. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as the steel that has no minimum specified content or requirements for chromium, cobalt, niobium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, or zirconium. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels are micro-alloyed steels; they are designed to provide better mechanical properties and may also have greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than conventional carbon steels. Because of the wide variety of possible chemical compositions, and the fact that some steels are used in more than one heat-treated condition, some overlap exists among the alloy steel classifications. Four major groups of alloy steels are identified and discussed here. Classification by chemical composition is the most common method. Steel specification systems are generated by AISI and SAE in America that use an elaborate numbering system to indicate the approximate alloy content.
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