Abstract
The increasing efficacy of anticancer therapies has been successfully decreasing cancer death rates, warranting a longer life to cancer patients. At the same time, the side effects of anticancer therapy are affecting more patients, frequently years after treatment. The neurologic effects of anticancer treatments have often been overlooked, but the increased survival rates have brought new interest in the matter. “Chemobrain” or “chemofog” are usually used to designate the cognitive dysfunction induced by chemotherapy. Anthracyclines, (e.g., doxorubicin) but also carmustine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, and cisplatin have been associated with chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress, cytokines production and inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, or neurotransmitter dysfunction appear to be important mechanisms in chemobrain. Nonetheless, other mechanisms seem to be involved as new-targeted anticancer drugs [e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)] also contribute to cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients. New research on chemobrain is still expected. This chapter aims to summarize some key aspects of the incident side effects of anticancer therapy.
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