Abstract
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum are obligate anaerobic bacteria that produce potent toxins with diametrically opposite symptoms. Tetanus disables the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter and thereby causes unopposed muscle contraction and spasm. Botulism prevents the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for muscle contraction, and thereby causes flaccid paralysis. Food poisoning is caused by a wide variety of xenobiotics, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, mushrooms, and secreted exotoxins. Traveler's diarrhea is typically a profuse watery diarrhea that begins within 2 weeks of travel to high-risk countries. In adults, antibiotics may be beneficial. In children, bloody diarrhea may herald enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and therefore antibiotics should be avoided. Ingestion of contaminated fish may lead to scombroid, ciguatera, and tetrodotoxin poisoning. Algal toxins may lead to amnesic, diarrhetic, paralytic, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP).
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