Abstract
In the earlier sections, thermodynamics of pure substance in closed systems were considered, when a matter could pass through a boundary, an added variable is needed. In this chapter, the thermodynamics of the homogeneous and heterogeneous system will be considered taking into account the change in the composition. The chemical systems in this study may take place in an open system, be multi-components systems that have more than one constituent and may exist in more than one phase. We introduce the variables and present the chemical potential equations, thermodynamics functions, and the meaning of the chemical potential for an open homogeneous system. Emphasis is also placed on the partial molar quantities and equilibrium conditions in open systems. The relation between the chemical potential and mole fraction and volume properties in the open system are addressed. Gibbs-Dohme equation and relations involving chemical potential are reviewed. Finally, the principles governing heterogeneous systems, and the colligative properties of solutions are investigated.
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