Abstract
This chapter reviews the genital mucosa and the influential factors. Several groups at risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are defined as relatively resistant to virus infection, including the sexual partners of HIV-infected subjects. Genetic, innate, and adaptive immunologic defence mechanisms most likely act in synergy. The risks of exposure to HIV and, therefore, transmission vary substantially from a single low-dose exposure of HIV-contaminated semen or genital secretions on an intact and noninflamed mucosal surface to repeated, multiple exposures with high doses of infectious virus on damaged mucosal surfaces infiltrated by inflammatory cells. Semen is the main vector for HIV dissemination worldwide and contains free HIV particles, virions associated with spermatozoa, and HIV-infected leukocytes.
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