Abstract
The transformation chains between the primary energy form and the useful form and the corresponding flows occur because of the employment of various methods of production. This chapter discusses these various methods of production. Coals are extracted in mines at very variable depths and by techniques that have greatly changed. There is a large range of coals that differ in their contents of volatile matter, humidity, and sterile material; consequently they have different calorific powers and ignition temperatures. The petroleum is a complex mixture of numerous hydrocarbons formed in geological times by animal and vegetable marine deposits. Petroleum is generally under pressure because of the weight of the neighboring water. The pressure is equally present in the gas cushion or gas cap that most often forms above the petroleum. A well is drilled down to the rock reservoir, and the pressure forces the petroleum up. If the pressure is not enough, it must be pumped up. The chapter further illustrates the functioning of a gas refinery plant and explains the production, use, and treatment of nuclear fuel.
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