Abstract
The localized deformation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in geomaterials. It occurs over a vast range of size scales, from the microscale level of grains to faults extending over hundreds of kilometers. It occurs in a variety of forms: a concentration or coalescence of cracks; a distinct, planar frictional surface; a gouge zone of finely comminuted material; or simply a region of higher shear strain. In geomaterials, the severe shearing in regions of localized deformation may be accompanied by dilatancy (inelastic volume increase) or compaction (inelastic volume decrease) and by chemical alteration. Localization can even occur purely by compaction without any evident shear. If the material is fluid-saturated, as is frequently the case, inelastic volume changes can induce the flow of fluid or changes in pore pressure that affect the response. Localization occurs under a variety of conditions. Although most often associated with the formation of shear bands or faults under nominally brittle conditions, localization can also occur by cataclastic flow of rocks at higher mean stresses and by ductile shearing at temperatures and pressures typical of depths of 10 km to 15 km in the earth's crust.
Published Version
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