Chapter 5 - Advances in liquefaction for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels

Abstract

The liquefaction of biomass using water or organic solvents is a promising thermochemical method for producing renewable hydrocarbon biofuels. This process has the advantage of producing high-quality biocrude from high-moisture feedstocks, such as algae, sewage sludge, and organic waste, e.g., wood and agriculture residues. Liquefaction technologies are expected to continue developing, with the most promising approaches reaching large-scale operation. This chapter discusses the main liquefaction routes, including the chemistry behind the conversion process, the main operating parameters, and catalysts, as well as the biocrude upgrading process toward the production of liquid hydrocarbon biofuels. Additionally, a brief discussion on the valorization of the aqueous-phase product is included. Further, a review of commercial advances in biomass liquefaction and the challenges, opportunities, and current status of the technologies are discussed. Finally, a summary of techno-economic analysis studies is presented to examine the commercial viability of these emerging technologies.