Abstract
This chapter describes characteristics of animals without backbones. Animals without backbones in contrast to the more obvious vertebrates appear to be an insignificant part of the animal kingdom. This very large group of animals shows a wide variety of form. There are animals so tiny that they can only be seen with the high power of a microscope, there are others, like the giant squids that are amongst the largest animals on earth. Some are very beautiful and highly colorful like the starfish and sea slugs, others are unattractive parasites that live in the bodies of other animals. Some of man's best friends are among the invertebrates. Some such as the Amoeba move and also engulf food material by outpushings of their protoplasm, called pseudopodia; others like Euglena have long whip-like processes called flagella that propel the animal by threshing movements.
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