Chapter 40 - Structure and Function of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) at the Cell Surface

Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages, although it can be produced by other cell types as well. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) and the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily (TNFRSF) form the corresponding ligand and receptor systems that are widely distributed in different tissues and cell types. Collectively they play critical roles in numerous aspects of mammalian biology, including embryonic development, innate and adaptive immunity, and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. TNFα has a wide range of biological effects in host defense against pathogens. On a cellular level, it is capable of inducing cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as both apoptotic and necrotic cell death under certain conditions. Also, TNFSF and TNFRSF are major coordinators in the development of many organs, such as lymphoid organs, mammary glands, and hair follicles. Due to their role in a variety of important biological processes, including inflammation and apoptosis, many TNFSF and TNFRSF members have been targeted with therapeutic agents.