Abstract
Abstract Nanoparticle integration remains a very challenging issue for both experimentalists and theoreticians. 1D, 2D, and 3D structures are obtained using a variety of techniques. Depending on the application, nanoparticle-based films are required to be dense, porous, or grainy. Obtaining and controlling nanoparticle assembly is difficult due to contributions from numerous interparticle and nanoparticle substrate forces with relatively similar amplitudes. Besides size distribution and concentration, energy input, temperature, and pressure during deposition are three important parameters used to control film characteristics. Self-assembling monolayer, spray, Langmuir–Blodgett, layer-by-layer, electrophoretic deposition, and evaporation-driven self-assembly are simple and scalable techniques. Depending on the application requirements, numerous other integration methods are available. Templating, dip coating, tape casting, inkjet printing, screen printing, and electrostatic self-assembly have been used in commercial and pre-commercial solutions. The majority of these techniques do not require high capital cost and are quite easily amenable to roll-to-roll processes. Mechanical consolidation techniques are used to produce directly integrated nanoparticle-based material structures.
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