Abstract
There is heterogeneity between childhood, adolescent, and adult-onset depression in terms of prevalence, gender ratio of affected cases, rates of recurrence, genetic contribution, and the efficacy of particular treatments. We summarize evidence from epidemiological, family, twin, and molecular genetic studies and highlight where evidence suggests similarity or heterogeneity between pediatric and adult depression. Childhood depression appears to be less heritable, more strongly associated with adversity, and to show low levels of continuity with adult depression than either adolescent or adult depression. Depression with an onset in adolescence or early adult life is associated with recurrence, severity, and elevated familial and genetic loading. Prevention of adolescent depression appears a possibility at least in high-risk groups.
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