Abstract

Methods that directly differentiate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into renal lineages have been vigorously studied for regenerative therapy and disease modeling of kidney diseases. Whereas most studies mainly used mouse ESCs, an increasing number of recent studies have reported the differentiation of human ESCs/iPSCs into intermediate mesoderm and embryonic renal progenitors, such as nephron progenitors and ureteric bud cells. These renal progenitors have also been used to generate three-dimensional renal tissues that contain renal glomerulus- and tubule-like structures. Before reaching clinical application, however, direct differentiation methods for renal cells still require improved induction efficiency and functional maturation of the induced renal cells. In this chapter, the current status and future perspectives of the research on the directed differentiation of PSCs into renal lineages will be reviewed.

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