Abstract
Publisher Summary Vascular dementia (VD), the commonest cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, is a complex entity, emerging from a variety of cerebrovascular pathologies. The diagnosis of VD is associated with cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, risk factors for VD have been described as being the same for stroke. Risk factors for VD include advanced age, male sex and ethnicity, family history, and body weight. A lower level of education has been linked to VD, possibly reflecting a diminished functional brain reserve. The implication of an ischemic process is necessary for VD to occur, either via an occlusive, hypoxic, or hypoperfusive mechanism. Vascular factors include hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, stroke, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, hypoperfusion, cardiac disease, atrial fibrillation, white matter lesions, hyperhomocysteinemia, and the e4 allele polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE-e4). The chapter also discusses the genetic factors that play a role in the etiology of VD, subtypes of VD, diagnostic criteria of VD, and treatment options in VD.
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