Abstract
The basic principles of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) will be described with the aim to hyperpolarize nuclear spins for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and its applications. Hyperpolarization signifies a strong, nonequilibrium nuclear spin polarization, and as a consequence, a strong enhancement of the available magnetic resonance signal. dDNP is one of several methods to hyperpolarize nuclear spins in the liquid state, and the most general. However, hyperpolarization and dDNP have some limitations that will be discussed. It requires a device, the polarizer, to create the solution of hyperpolarized nuclear spins. The device and pharmaceutical requirements for clinical translation are presented. We will discuss the implications of imaging strong, nonequilibrium nuclear spin polarization from a pulse sequence and scanner perspective. 13C-labeled pyruvate is the first agent to be introduced clinically and progress toward the application of hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging in oncology, cardiology, and neurology are reviewed.
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