Abstract
This chapter presents a deeper and more focused look at proteins. The membrane proteins, channel proteins, receptors, and degradative enzymes of the lysosome that were mentioned in the previous chapter all share properties that are common to all proteins. In addition to knowing their roles as cellular structures, the biotechnologist should be aware of proteins for their roles as bioactive substances. Some drugs are proteins, and most toxins are proteins. Proteins can be manufactured synthetically, or the biotechnologist might harness cells to manufacture specific proteins—even novel proteins designed by the scientist. In this chapter we will discuss protein structure, characteristics, and methods of isolation. More specifically, we will discuss: Amino acids, Amino acid charge, pKa, and isoelectric point, Primary protein structure, Secondary protein structure (such as the α-helix or -pleated sheet), Tertiary and quaternary protein structure, The hydrophobic effect. Then we will return to the cell and look more closely are membrane proteins with respect to: How proteins are embedded in the membrane, Movement within the membrane Isolation for study, Detergents, soaps, micelles Electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE.
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