Abstract
Upconversion luminescence involves absorption of one or more low energy (commonly infrared wavelength) photons leading to emission of a high energy (i.e., visible or ultraviolet wavelength) photon. It is widely exhibited from lanthanide-doped materials with low phonon energy whereby multiple electronic transitions may occur between the f-states of the luminescent centers. Since upconversion processes require metastable and long-lived intermediate energy levels acting as storage and reservoirs of the exciting photon energy, rare earth lanthanide ions are particularly suitable due to their rich scheme of 4f energy levels poorly affected by the crystal field.
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