Abstract
General characteristics of bulk solids and their behaviour in static and flowing conditions are discussed in this chapter. Consequences of the frictional interaction between the grains on bulk behaviour are elaborated by means of example problems. Voidage and bulk density of the particulate solids are also discussed. Various ways of measuring the often-reported angle of repose are reviewed. The concept of the stress state and Mohr circle has been presented in detail along with the Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria to explain the yielding and failure behaviour of bulk solids. Beverloo expression for predicting bulk solids flowrate through circular orifice using the historical idea of ‘free-fall arch’ is derived. Latest findings about the existence of the historical ‘free-fall arch’ are also presented. Recent results of flow through vertical orifice on the side walls of the containers are also included. Flow of solids through hoppers is presented along with a brief discussion about the measurement and control of solids flowrate. Conveying of solids using various equipment is also discussed. The degree and rate mixing of solids is discussed in detail. Causes and consequences of segregation and the key mixing mechanisms are discussed along with the techniques to reduce segregation in bulk solids.
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