Chapter 3 - From CT and MR Images to 3D Printed Models—Software Basics for the Surgeon

Abstract

As the use of 3D-printed models is playing an increasingly important role in routine clinical care, clinicians should become well versed in various 3D printing technologies, software programs and materials used to create 3D-printed anatomic models, and latest guidelines being developed to ensure optimal and accurate prints. Benefits of 3D-printed models include improved surgical planning via procedural rehearsal using bespoke patient-specific models, enhanced diagnostic quality, decreased patient exposure time to general anesthesia, decreased patient blood loss, and smaller wound exposure needs. Three-dimensional-printed models also enable better communication between clinical teams and facilitate more meaningful patient and trainee education. In this chapter, we will discuss steps in creating a 3D-printed model, with emphasis on image acquisition and ways to convert Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine images into files that can be converted to an accurate 3D-printed model. We will also discuss common challenges and pitfalls in the process and ways to overcome them.