Chapter 3 - Fossil Fuels and Alternatives

Abstract

In this chapter fossil fuels and alternatives are presented. Fuels have a major role in modern society, where they act as energy storage media for various applications including heating and power generation. Fossil fuels deplete and their use produces severe atmospheric pollution and induces global warming. Thus, alternatives to fossil fuels aim to seek solutions for energy security and environmental sustainability. In the first part of the chapter, the main categories of fuels are presented, together with the most important physical and chemical properties. Next, fossil fuels are analyzed in detail, starting with coal, which pollutes the atmosphere more than other fossil fuels. Lower and higher heating values and chemical exergies of coals are presented. Emissions factors are determined for coals by rank. Subsequently, other fossil fuels are analyzed, following the same approach as for coal. Alternative fuels derived from biomass and sustainable hydrogen sources are extensively discussed. Equations are given, based on literature studies, to estimate heating values and chemical exergy, starting with ultimate analysis of biomasses. Of major interest is converting biomass into liquid biofuels such as alcohols, ethers, esters, and oils. Hydrogen is also presented as the main potential fuel for the future; it can be produced in a multitude of sustainable ways. Novel developments show that hydrogen can be stored very well in various ammonia compounds, including metal amines or ammonia.