Abstract
There have been a rapid advancement in earthquake (EQ) anomalies in the atmosphere and ionosphere from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER), and other remotely sensed satellites under the hypothesis of lithosphere atmosphere ionosphere coupling (LAIC). Moreover, seismic precursors from conventional techniques, such as seismometers and strong motion accelerographs, are also recorded in the measurements of satellite observation to accurately monitor the world's most active seismogenic zones. Similarly, the long-and short-term anomalous patterns of EQ precursors provide more insights for studying seismic activity. Recently, advancements in space-based atmospheric and ionospheric measurements have provided more evidence to validate satellite-based anomalous patterns over seismic breeding zones. The reported anomalies were initiated as a result of squeezed rocks inside the Earth and propagated upward to the ionosphere via the lithosphere atmosphere medium due to the interaction of ions and molecules.
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