Abstract
The application of modern water treatment processes had a major impact on water-transmitted diseases, and these processes provide barriers—or lines of defense—between the consumer and waterborne disease. This chapter provides an overview of the drinking water treatment processes and requirements, water distribution systems, and organic carbon and microbial growth in distribution systems. The most common treatment process train for surface water supplies—conventional treatment—consists of disinfection, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. The safe drinking water requires a holistic approach that considers the source of water, treatment processes, and the distribution system. The water distribution systems may suffer from problems such as taste and odors, enhanced chlorine demand, and bacterial colonization or development of biofilms of microorganisms in water distribution systems. The bacterial growth in distribution systems is influenced by the concentration of biodegradable organic matter, water temperatures, nature of the pipes, disinfectant residual concentration, and detention time within the distribution system. Several bioassay tests have been proposed for the assessment of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in water such as plate counts, direct cell count, and turbidity.
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