Chapter 2.4 - Frontal eye field signals that may trigger the brainstem saccade generator

Abstract

Saccades are rapid shifts of gaze that normally place the line of sight on a desired target with a single smooth movement. A number of disease states have been shown to result in saccadic movements that are fragmented, but still end near target position after a multi-step sequence of saccades. Among these disorders are Parkinson's disease and late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS). We have recently shown that normal human subjects and monkeys also make some two-step saccadic responses in cognitively difficult, choice response tasks. In monkeys we have been able to record neuronal responses as the animals performed a visually guided, choice saccade task. We compared the activity of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and the cortical frontal eye field (FEF) during the majority of trials that were accomplished with single-step saccades with those completed with two-step saccades. Several differences in discharge pattern aligned on the first saccade were uncovered. Neurons in the rostral and caudal SC were not modulated at the time of the first saccade, but a class of FEF neurons showed a burst of activity before the first saccade. If these neurons are among those known to project to the saccade generator in the brainstem, they could trigger the onset of a saccade before the remaining machinery in the saccade generator had sufficient activity to sustain the saccade. Overall the results suggest that a delicate balance of triggering and sustaining inputs are required to produce normal single-step saccades. These neural results may also help to clarify the pathology present when fragmented saccades occur in various disease states.