Abstract

Plant biostimulants are highly beneficial to plants since they confer improved stress tolerance and productivity. This is tightly linked to their ability to influence metabolic, cellular, and physiological processes in plants. Given the highly complex and diverse chemical nature of plant biostimulants, they employ a wide range of biochemical pathways and regulatory networks to elicit their effects in plants. We provide a concise outline of the mechanisms/modes of action of humic substances, seaweed extracts, protein hydrolyzates, biopolymers, beneficial microbes, and smoke-derived biostimulants with focus on their hormone-mimicking actions, their induction/regulation of enzyme/protein function, and influence on transcriptional regulatory pathways. Current understanding of the molecular, genetic, and physiological mechanisms that are influenced by plant biostimulants, and how they are translated into enhanced plant growth, development, productivity, and resilience under stress conditions are described, while highlighting promising areas of research focus on plant biostimulant mode of actions.

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