Abstract
This chapter highlights the nonlinear material behavior of the main components of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges, comprising structural steel, concrete, reinforcement bars, shear connectors, bolts, and welds. Overall, this chapter aims to provide a useful background regarding the stress-strain curves of the different materials used in the bridges. Also, this chapter aims to highlight the important parameters required for finite element modeling. This chapter enables beginners to understand the fundamental behavior of the materials to correctly insert them in the finite element analyses. Covering the behavior of shear connectors in this chapter is also important to understand how the shear forces are transmitted at the steel-concrete slab interfaces in composite bridges. In addition, the material properties of the main components of joints used in steel and steel-concrete composite bridges, such as bolts, are highlighted in this chapter. Furthermore, this chapter presents how the different materials are treated in current codes of practice and the design values specified in current codes of practice. Overall, the author aims that this chapter acts as a basis for designing and finite element modeling of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges.
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