Abstract
Genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Ideally, such biomarkers can be assayed in non-invasively collected body fluids like plasma. For diagnosis, a biomarker should be a tool to identify those individuals with a disease or premalignant conditions. Frequent gene hypermethylations that are used as diagnostic biomarkers include DLC1 in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; ARF4, LRP1B, NRP2, and POU3F3 in follicular lymphoma; RASSF1A in endometrial cancer; and RPRM in gastric cancer. Progression biomarkers are rare – for example, DKK3 and TFPI2 hypermethylation in gastric cancer. Predictive biomarkers are drug-related biomarkers that indicate whether a drug will be effective in a specific patient – for example, CDH13 in endometrial cancer. Epigenetic biomarkers can help to decide between therapeutic options, and to evaluate the prediction of response in the future.
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