Abstract
Crystal bonding has a significant influence on the physical and chemical properties of materials. There are four types of bonds that can be distinguished: ionic, covalent, metallic, and van der Waals. As far as the solids are concerned, the van der Waals bond, a secondary bond, basically is included in other three primary bonds, which is extended to a general case in this chapter. Concerning the formation of ionic bonding, thermodynamic viewpoint has been taken into account including electrostatic energy, repulsive energy, van der Waals attractive energy, and zero-point energy. The Born–Haber cycle is introduced to prove the consistency between the calculated and experimental values. The mechanism of the formation of a covalent bond is updated and interpreted in terms of two phenomena concerning orbital contraction and charge delocalization. In regard to the metallic bond, it is described in terms of underlying the interactions between the electron cloud and the core. The final section presents how to use the potential well to interpret physical properties, such as elastic modulus, melting temperatures, and thermal property. The precise explanation of thermal expansion of materials by using the potential well is provided.
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