Abstract
Abstract In this chapter, we first discuss the electronic configuration of the carbon atom. The role of the different hybridizations of carbon atoms in various carbon allotropes is discussed. The electronic structure and structural differences between these carbon allotropes are also addressed. Then, the properties of single-layer, bilayer, and multilayer graphene and their applications in different fields of science are studied. Critical aspects of each system, such as atomic structure, physicochemical properties, and others, are fully evaluated. Finally, the influence of vacancy defects and noncarbon impurities or chemical doping on the structure and electronic structural properties of graphene is discussed in detail.
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