Abstract
X-Ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are highly touted for their remarkable peak spectral brightness, but short pulse duration is another important capability that can be exploited to measure motion. Through three examples, this chapter discusses how X-rays from synchrotrons and XFELs are used to study impulsively excited systems. The method involves a pump-probe protocol, where a short laser pulse excites a quiescent system and then, after a delay, the X-rays probe the time-evolving excitation. The sub-100 ps pulses from synchrotrons can resolve acoustic dynamics in solids in this way. Sub-100 fs pulses from XFELs can probe the rovibrational dynamics of molecules in gas phase. Future sub-femtosecond pulses can study electronic coherences as well.
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