Abstract
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument encompasses the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI), or approximately two-thirds of the Hawaiian Archipelago and of what was once recognized as the Hawaiian Kingdom. Since nature and culture are considered to be one and the same by Native Hawaiians, the protection of one of the last nearly pristine, natural, marine ecosystems in the archipelago equates to preserving the living Hawaiian culture. Respecting Native Hawaiian traditions and values, and providing an effective degree of participation in the protection and stewardship of Papahānaumokuākea provides Native Hawaiians with opportunities to maintain ancestral connections to the NWHI and to continue to implement the resource management skills that allowed them to flourish prior to Western contact. Native Hawaiians are the algae that are in a symbiotic relationship with their archipelago, all of the elements of which are related to the coral polyp. Keywords:Hawaiian Archipelago; Hawaiian Kingdom; marine ecosystem; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI); Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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