Abstract
Hydroponic systems, such as the deep flow technique, nutrient film technique, or aeroponic systems, are essential tools in plant factories. For adequate management of water and nutrients in the hydroponic system, the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature should be measured. Because ion concentrations in the nutrient solutions change with time, resulting in a nutrient imbalance in closed hydroponic systems, real-time measurements of all nutrients are required, but such measurements are not available due to technical problems. Periodic analysis of nutrient solutions and adjustment of nutrient ratios can improve the nutrient balance. As an advanced method, ion-selective electrodes and artificial neural networks can be efficient tools for estimating the concentration of each ion. For stable crop production, disinfection systems using filters, heat, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation are required in hydroponic systems.
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