Abstract
This chapter provides detailed treatment of commonsense reasoning and a guide to automating commonsense reasoning using first-order logic and the event calculus. It describes general methods that can be applied to a wide range of commonsense reasoning problems. The event calculus is based on many-sorted first-order logic with equality. It is characterized by a set of axioms and definitions: 17 for the event calculus (EC) and 12 for the discrete calculus (DEC). The event calculus uses reification: It treats time-varying properties and events as objects so that statements can be made about the truth values of properties at timepoints and the occurrences of events at timepoints. The event calculus uses circumscription, or the minimization of the extensions of predicates, to allow default reasoning. The event calculus uses the default assumptions that the only events that occur are those known to occur and the only effects of events are those that are known. When new information becomes available, the circumscriptions can be recomputed and reasoning again performed, which may lead to new conclusions.
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