Chapter 16 - Three-dimensional finite element modeling of human knee joint

Abstract

Patient-specific finite element (FE) models of human knee joint have been extensively developed to understand the contact mechanics of the joint. For simplicity, the tissues are widely considered as elastic solids, even fluid pressurization in cartilage and meniscus is essential for the load sharing and redistribution in the joint and the homeostasis of the tissues. Recent development in constitutive modeling yet needs to be implemented in joint modeling. Fibril reinforcement and fluid pressure were introduced in three-dimensional knee joint models in the last decade. The time-dependent response of the joint, including creep and relaxation of the joint produced by the soft tissues, can be now determined within a reasonable time using high-performance computing. The in vivo creep response of human knee joint can be even measured with advanced medical imaging to validate the FE model. Concerns remain pertaining the reliability of constructed joint geometry and FE solutions, which may be resolved with advances in imaging, imaging processing, and new algorithms in the FE solvers. Future patient-specific knee models may combine stress/strain analysis and simulation of mechanobiology, which can then be used to understand and possibly predict, for example, the onset of knee osteoarthritis or the outcome of physiotherapy.