Abstract
This chapter discusses electrical safety. Safety isolation can only be achieved with a transformer. This transformer can be placed on the AC mains supply, or as part of the switching regulator circuit. Transformer isolation on the AC mains supply is bulky because the AC signal is operating at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Conversely, a transformer that isolates the output of a switching regulator can be very small because it is operating at the switching regulator frequency of typically 50 kHz or more. In most electrical circuits connected to the AC mains supply, creepage distance is a concern. The European Low Voltage Directive (LVD) is a safety regulation in Europe that covers all products operating from voltages of 50–1000V AC and 75–1500V DC.
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