Abstract

This chapter presents Newton–Cotes quadrature formulas for approximating integrals by performing polynomial interpolation and integrating the polynomial exactly. In particular we discuss the midpoint, trapezoid, and Simpson's rules for numerical quadrature. The composite forms of these rules are shown where the range of integration is broken into several pieces and the quadrature rule is applied to each piece. Additionally, Richardson extrapolation is applied to integral estimates through a procedure called Romberg integration. The implement of Romberg integration uses the decimal module in Python to use higher precision floating point numbers.

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