Abstract
Programming languages are essential to all computers. Electrical components provide the energy and infrastructure, and the operating system gives a framework to play in, but without programs, a computer is just a whirring chunk of plastic and metal. Most programming languages are imperative languages. In an imperative language, one gives the computer a set of instructions and all the steps necessary to execute those instructions. Programming languages sit on a spectrum that ranges from low-level to high-level. It is not negative to call something a “low-level language”—it just means that the lines of code are relatively close to the actual commands being executed at the hardware level. A high-level language has more layers of abstraction. When one programs in a high-level language, the code might not look at all like the actual instructions being executed by the computer. A compiler or interpreter takes care of converting the code into instructions the computer can understand. This chapter discusses programming from a high level to a low level.
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