Chapter 14 formulation of oceanic general circulation models

Abstract

Models of the oceanic general circulation are currently in a phase of rapid development and expanding utilization. This chapter provides an overview of the formulation of oceanic general circulation models (OGCMs). OGCMs are numerical models that include all of the major influences on the general circulation, constrained by limitations of formulation of the model and the available computing power. OGCMs have wind, heat, and water forcing; geographically correct domain geometry; and the equation of state for seawater—all with their inescapable approximations. The primary challenges are to extend and refine the modeling choices and to expand the observational system to reduce the empirical uncertainties for testing the models. The goal is to achieve a useful degree of consistency between OGCM solution behaviors and nature. OGCMs are used to explore hypothetical realities, such as the ocean circulation of ancient earth epocs, the consequences of deliberate biological fertilization of the oceans, or future climates under alternative planetary management strategies.