Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bound structures released from cells containing bioactive cargoes which vary depending on parent cell. EVs have gained considerable attention in past years, both as mediators of intercellular signaling and as potential sources for the discovery of novel cancer biomarkers. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles have a key role in tumor progression, metastatic spread and the emergence of drug resistance in bladder, kidney and prostate cancer. In general, research on EVs investigates either the basic mechanism of vesicle formation and cargo incorporation, or the isolation of vesicles from available body fluids for biomarker discovery. A deeper understanding of the cargo molecules presents in EVs obtained from patients with urogenital cancers, through high-throughput proteomics or genomics approaches, will aid in the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and can potentially lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.

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