Abstract
This chapter focuses on the tiniest object matters and the forces that govern them. All matters are composed of leptons, quarks, and elementary particles that are called bosons. Boson serves as the carriers of the force between particles. The lepton family includes the electron, muon, tau, and their neutrinos. Quarks come in six types, called flavors, denoted by up-(u), down-(d), strange (s), charmed (c), bottom (b), and top (t) quarks. Leptons interact by means of the electromagnetic and weak interactions. Strongly interacting particles are composed of quarks with mesons being composed of quark/antiquark pairs and baryons made up of three quarks. The interactions between leptons and quarks are described by Feynman diagrams. The diagrams describe processes by which particles interact by exchanging quanta of the interaction fields. Recent work on gauge symmetries provides a general framework for understanding the interactions between elementary particles. There are three gauge symmetries associated with the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions. With every gauge symmetry, gauge field and gauge bosons that serve as carriers of the interactions are associated.
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