Abstract
Rust fungi are among the most widespread and important pathogens of trees. They are obligate biotrophic pathogens that have complex life cycles, with heteroecious macrocyclic rusts requiring two hosts and five spore stages. New developments in tree breeding and genomics are providing novel approaches to study the interaction of rusts and their hosts, to further our understanding of rust evolution and adaptations and to identify and deploy resistant trees. It will be important in the future to develop biosurveillance of rust fungi to monitor pathogen populations and ensure that the pathogen does not overcome the host resistance by evolving and adapting to the resistance.
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