Chapter 12 - An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Türkiye

Abstract

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living beings whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory by genetic modification with plant, animal, bacterial, and viral genes in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products that do not exist in nature or by traditional crossbreeding methods. GMOs have become a part of everyday life with diverse beneficial aspects, although some disadvantages exist; therefore, GMOs' production remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world. Initially, this outstanding agricultural practice was initiated to combat global food scarcity and famine and remains as a viable option for large-scale crop production to ensure global food security. Furthermore, the patent of GMO seeds leads to the inevitable control and dominancy of private enterprises over food production. Besides these, although there is no concrete proof, the harmful effects of GMO crops on human health are the burning question around the world. In addition to these, because of improper regulation strategy, misconceptions, and low literacy regarding the GMO products, loss of genetic diversity, and nonreturnable status of GMOs to nature after being released, the issue of labeling the GMO products is a huge problem among the consumers. Hence, GMO issues are closely related to human health aspects that should be considered and cannot be ignored by the law. Many countries have come forward with legislative action to regulate this sensitive field. As Türkiye has needed to depend on importing agricultural goods for some time, it has implemented several legislative measures to control GMO related affairs. This article will detail all contemporary GMO issues for Türkiye.