Abstract
If an atmosphere is present between the transmitting and receiving antennas, it is still usual to speak of space wave propagation, provided that the proximity of the Earth or other material objects does not affect the propagation. This chapter summarizes some of the general properties of the atmosphere. The troposphere, the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, has the tropopause as its upper boundary and the Earth's surface as its lower boundary. Here, significant flow of heat and water vapor occurs, usually upward during the day and downward during the night. All weather or short-term variation in the atmosphere occurs in the troposphere, where the air is principally composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), and water vapor (highly variable). The density and pressure of air decreases by a factor of two for every 5.6 km increase in altitude above the Earth's surface. Consequently, the troposphere contains 99% of the atmospheric water vapor and 90% of the air. Tropospheric air temperature decreases with increasing height, though rarely when inversions occur.
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