Abstract
This chapter discusses various scale inhibitors and their application in fracturing fluid formulations. In certain operations in petroleum industries, such as stimulation, there is a risk of scale deposition. This can occur when a solution becomes supersaturated, which occurs mostly if the temperature changes in the course of injection operations. Scale is also formed if two chemicals that will form a precipitate are brought together, e.g., if a hydrogen fluoride solution meets calcium ions. Also, if two chemicals that will form a precipitate are brought together, a scale is formed, e.g., if a hydrogen fluoride solution meets calcium ions. From a thermodynamic perspective, there are a stable region, a metastable region, and an unstable region, separated by the binodal curve and the spinodale curve, respectively. Thermodynamic inhibitors are complex and chelating agents, suitable for specific scales. The action of kinetic inhibitors may be understood in terms of stereospecific and nonspecific mechanisms. Scale prevention is important to ensure continuous production from existing reserves that produce brine.
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