Abstract
Agricultural management strives to optimize phosphorus (P) nutrition of plants with minimal environmental impacts. Although most research on soil phosphorus has applied macroscale approaches, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is emerging as a nondestructive analytical technique for identifying phosphorus species in soils. The objective of this chapter is to convey the complementary nature of knowledge about soil phosphorus chemistry derived from various macroscale research approaches and XAS. A wealth of knowledge exists on phosphate sorption properties of soils and minerals. A limited number of XAS studies on soils have shown that multiple species of phosphate coexist, with Ca-phosphate minerals and phosphate sorbed to Fe- and Al-oxides commonly found in both acidic and calcareous soils. XAS analysis of phosphate associated with model soil matrix components provides more specific information on molecular bonding mechanisms. Such studies help to explain the behavior of P in soils and model systems, and they support mechanistic models for predicting long-term transformations, lability, and mobility of soil P.
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